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      缓存选型建议
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<h1 id="_1">缓存加速服务部署指南</h1>
<p>@author Loganli</p>
<h2 id="_2">缓存解决方案选型</h2>
<ul>
<li><strong>Varnish</strong> - 高性能HTTP加速器，适合大流量网站前端缓存</li>
<li><strong>Squid</strong> - 功能全面的代理缓存服务器，支持HTTP/HTTPS/FTP</li>
<li><strong>Redis</strong> - 内存数据库，适合API响应和动态内容缓存</li>
<li><strong>Memcached</strong> - 分布式内存对象缓存系统，简单高效</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="varnish">Varnish缓存加速器</h2>
<h3 id="_3">快速安装</h3>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># CentOS/RHEL
yum install -y epel-release
yum install -y varnish

# Debian/Ubuntu
apt-get install -y varnish
</code></pre>
<h3 id="_4">核心配置</h3>
<pre><code class="language-vcl"># /etc/varnish/default.vcl
vcl 4.0;

# 后端服务器定义
backend default {
    .host = &quot;127.0.0.1&quot;;
    .port = &quot;8080&quot;;
    .connect_timeout = 5s;
    .first_byte_timeout = 60s;
}

# 请求处理
sub vcl_recv {
    # 动态内容不缓存
    if (req.method == &quot;POST&quot; || req.http.Authorization) {
        return (pass);
    }

    # 静态内容移除Cookie增加缓存命中率
    if (req.url ~ &quot;\.(css|js|jpg|jpeg|png|gif|gz|tgz|bz2|tbz|mp3|ogg|swf)$&quot;) {
        unset req.http.Cookie;
    }

    return (hash);
}

# 缓存规则
sub vcl_backend_response {
    # 静态资源缓存1天
    if (bereq.url ~ &quot;\.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif|css|js)$&quot;) {
        set beresp.ttl = 24h;
        unset beresp.http.set-cookie;
    }

    # 动态HTML缓存5分钟
    if (bereq.url ~ &quot;\.html$&quot;) {
        set beresp.ttl = 5m;
    }

    return (deliver);
}

# 调试信息
sub vcl_deliver {
    # 添加X-Cache头显示是否命中缓存
    if (obj.hits &gt; 0) {
        set resp.http.X-Cache = &quot;HIT&quot;;
    } else {
        set resp.http.X-Cache = &quot;MISS&quot;;
    }

    return (deliver);
}
</code></pre>
<h3 id="_5">多后端负载均衡</h3>
<pre><code class="language-vcl"># 定义多个后端服务器
backend server1 {
    .host = &quot;192.168.1.101&quot;;
    .port = &quot;80&quot;;
}

backend server2 {
    .host = &quot;192.168.1.102&quot;;
    .port = &quot;80&quot;;
}

# 负载均衡配置
import directors;

sub vcl_init {
    new round_robin = directors.round_robin();
    round_robin.add_backend(server1);
    round_robin.add_backend(server2);
}

sub vcl_recv {
    # 设置请求的后端
    set req.backend_hint = round_robin.backend();
}
</code></pre>
<h3 id="_6">常用管理命令</h3>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># 启动服务
systemctl start varnish
systemctl enable varnish

# 查看缓存状态
varnishstat

# 查看详细日志
varnishlog

# 清除所有缓存
varnishadm &quot;ban req.url ~ .&quot;

# 清除特定URL的缓存
varnishadm &quot;ban req.url == /specific-page&quot;
</code></pre>
<h2 id="squid">Squid缓存服务器</h2>
<h3 id="_7">快速安装</h3>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># CentOS/RHEL
yum install -y squid

# Debian/Ubuntu
apt-get install -y squid
</code></pre>
<h3 id="_8">缓存配置</h3>
<pre><code class="language-conf"># /etc/squid/squid.conf

# 缓存目录设置
cache_dir ufs /var/spool/squid 10000 16 256
maximum_object_size 256 MB
cache_mem 512 MB

# 缓存刷新策略
refresh_pattern ^ftp:           1440    20%     10080
refresh_pattern -i (/cgi-bin/|\?) 0     0%      0
refresh_pattern \.(gif|png|jpg|jpeg|ico)$ 1440 90% 43200 override-expire
refresh_pattern \.(css|js)$     1440    90%     43200 override-expire
refresh_pattern .               0       20%     4320
</code></pre>
<h3 id="_9">性能优化</h3>
<pre><code class="language-conf"># 内存优化
cache_mem 1024 MB  # 根据服务器内存调整
memory_replacement_policy heap LFUDA

# 磁盘缓存优化
cache_dir aufs /var/spool/squid 10000 16 256
cache_replacement_policy heap LFUDA

# 连接优化
pipeline_prefetch on
collapsed_forwarding on
</code></pre>
<h3 id="_10">常用管理命令</h3>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># 查看缓存统计
squidclient mgr:info

# 查看缓存命中率
squidclient mgr:info | grep &quot;Hit Ratio&quot;

# 重建缓存目录
squid -z

# 重启服务
systemctl restart squid
</code></pre>
<h2 id="redis">Redis缓存系统</h2>
<h3 id="_11">快速安装</h3>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># CentOS/RHEL
yum install -y redis

# Debian/Ubuntu
apt-get install -y redis-server
</code></pre>
<h3 id="_12">基本配置</h3>
<pre><code class="language-conf"># /etc/redis/redis.conf
# 内存设置
maxmemory 2gb
maxmemory-policy allkeys-lru  # 最近最少使用策略

# 持久化
appendonly yes
appendfsync everysec

# 网络
bind 127.0.0.1
protected-mode yes
</code></pre>
<h3 id="_13">常用命令</h3>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># 连接Redis
redis-cli

# 设置/获取缓存
&gt; SET key &quot;value&quot; EX 3600  # 设置1小时过期
&gt; GET key

# 查看统计
&gt; INFO
&gt; INFO stats
&gt; INFO memory

# 清除所有缓存
&gt; FLUSHALL
</code></pre>
<h2 id="memcached">Memcached缓存系统</h2>
<h3 id="_14">快速安装</h3>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># CentOS/RHEL
yum install -y memcached

# Debian/Ubuntu
apt-get install -y memcached
</code></pre>
<h3 id="_15">基本配置</h3>
<pre><code class="language-conf"># /etc/sysconfig/memcached 或 /etc/memcached.conf
PORT=&quot;11211&quot;
USER=&quot;memcached&quot;
MAXCONN=&quot;1024&quot;
CACHESIZE=&quot;1024&quot;  # MB
</code></pre>
<h3 id="_16">常用命令</h3>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># 连接Memcached
telnet 127.0.0.1 11211

# 存储数据 (30秒后过期)
set mykey 0 30 5
hello

# 获取数据
get mykey

# 查看统计
stats
stats items
stats slabs
</code></pre>
<h2 id="_17">缓存最佳实践</h2>
<h3 id="_18">多级缓存策略</h3>
<ol>
<li><strong>浏览器缓存</strong> - 设置合理的HTTP缓存头</li>
<li><strong>CDN缓存</strong> - 静态资源推送到CDN</li>
<li><strong>应用层缓存</strong> - 使用Redis/Memcached缓存API响应</li>
<li><strong>数据库缓存</strong> - 查询缓存和结果集缓存</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="_19">缓存选型建议</h3>
<ul>
<li><strong>静态网站</strong> - Varnish或Nginx缓存</li>
<li><strong>动态内容</strong> - Redis或Memcached</li>
<li><strong>大规模分布式</strong> - 多节点Memcached集群</li>
<li><strong>复杂代理场景</strong> - Squid</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="_20">缓存失效策略</h3>
<ul>
<li><strong>TTL控制</strong> - 设置恰当的过期时间</li>
<li><strong>主动清除</strong> - 内容更新时主动失效缓存</li>
<li><strong>按需更新</strong> - 定期预热热点缓存内容</li>
</ul>












                
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